Ginsenosid Rd
It is a damaran, protopanaxadiol panaxoside:
R1 = -Glc 2-1 Glc
R2 = -Glc
- In mice stressed by immobilization, plasma levels of interleukin-6 decreased. It also decreased in vitro the production of IL-6 from macrophages with epinephrine / norepinephrine. ( Kim2003iii )
- Gssd. Rd, Rb2 , Rg1 and Re have a strong inhibitory effect on the production of TNF-α microglia-activated lipopolysaccharides. ( Wu2007deg )
- In experiments on neuronal cultures, gssd proved. Rd protective effect by reducing the microglia inflammation response and reducing the production of NO and prostaglandin E2 induced by the addition of bacterial lipopolysaccharides. ( Lin2007gra )
- Gssd. Rd prevented damage to dopaminergic neurons during experimental activation of lipopolysaccharide microglia. ( Lin2007gra )
- Protected intestinal tissue from damage by radiation. ( Lee2006ivr )
- Protected from intestinal death in acute radiation illness. ( Tamura2008grp )
- He protected the model against atherosclerosis. ( Li2011gpc )